فهرست اسامی برندگان جوایز نوبل ( بر حسب سال) فهرست اسامی برندگان جوایز نوبل (بر حسب نام) 2002 IMRE KERTÉSZ ایمر کرتز (*1929, Hungarian)مجارستانی for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history 2001 VIDIADHAR SURAJPRASAD NAIPAUL ویدیادار سوراج پراساد نایپول (*1938, British of West Indian descent) انگلیسی هندی تبار for his narrative art and universal contemplation of the world in his works, forcing his readers to see the presence of the repressed history. 2000 GAO XINGJIAN جیانگ زیان ژائو (*1940, French of Chinese descent)چینی for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama. 1999 GUNTER GRASS گونتر گراس (*1927, German)آلمانی whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history. 1998 JOSE SARAMAGO خوزه ساراماگو (*1922, Portuguese) پرتغالی who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality. 1997 DARIO FO داریو فو (*1926, Italianایتالیایی( who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden. 1996 WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA ویسلاوا زیمبورسکا (*1923, Polish) لهستانی for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality. The stamp is engraved by Czeslaw Slania. 1995 SEAMUS HEANEY شیموس هینی (*1939, Irish)ایرلندی for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past. 1994 KENZABURO OE کنزابورو اُئه (*1935, Japanese) ژاپنی who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today. 1993 TONI MORRISON تونی موریسون (*1931, American) آمریکایی who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import gives life to an essential aspect of American reality. Stamp issued by Sweden 1993. 1992 DEREK WALCOTT دِرِک والکوت (*1931, Saint Lucia) اهل سنت لوچیا for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment. The stamp is engraved by Czeslaw Slania and issued by Sweden 1992. 1991 NADINE GORDIMER نادین گوردیمر (*1923, South African) اهل آفریقای جنوبی who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity. Nadine Gordimer has spent her whole life fighting the apartheid system and its social injustices in novels, short stories and essays. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1991. The stamp was engraved by Czeslaw Slania and was issued in 1998. 1990 OCTAVIO PAZ اکتاویو پاز (1914-1998, Mexican) مکزیکی for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity. 1989 CAMILO JOSÉ CELA کامیلو خوزه سلا (1916-2002, Spanish) اسپانیایی for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man"s vulnerability. 1988 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ نجیب محفوظ (*1911, Egyptian)مصری who, through works rich in nuance-now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous, has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind. 1987 JOSEPH BRODSKY جوزف برودسکی (1940-1996, American of Polish origin) آمریکایی for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity. 1986 WOLE SOYINKA وول سوئینکا (*1934, Nigerian) نیجریه ای who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence. 1985 CLAUDE SIMON کلود سیمون (*1913, French)فرانسوی who in his novel combines the poet"s and the painter"s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition. 1984 JAROSLAV SEIFERT یاروسلاو سیفرت (1901-1986, Czechoslovak)اهل چک و اسلواکی for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man. 1983 SIR WILLIAM GOLDING سرویلیام گولدینگ (1911-1993, British)انگلیسی for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today. 1982 GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ گابریل گارسیا مارکز (*1928, Columbian) کلمبیایی for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent"s life and conflicts. 1981 ELIAS CANETTI الیاس کانتی (1905-1994, British of Bulgarian descent) انگلیسی ، بلغاری تبار for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power. 1980 CZESLAW MILOSZ سِسلام میلوز (*1911, American of Polish descent) آمریکایی، لهستانی تبار who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man"s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts. 1979 ODYSSEUS ELYTIS اودیسئوس الیتیس (1911-1966, Greek)یونانی (pen-name of ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS) for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man"s struggle for freedom and creativeness. 1978 ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER آیزاک سینگر (1904-1991, American)آمریکایی for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life. 1977 VICENTE ALEIXANDRE ویچینته الکساندر (1898-1984, Spanish)اسپانیایی for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man"s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars. 1976 SAUL BELLOW سائول بلو (*1915, Canadian) کانادایی for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work. 1975 EUGENIO MONTALE اوژینو مونتال (1896-1981, Italian) ایتالیایی for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions. 1974 The prize was divided equally between: EYVIND JOHNSON ایویند جانسون (1900-1976, Swedish)سوئدی for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom, and HARRY MARTINSON هری مارتینسون (1904-1978, Swedish)سوئدی for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos. The stamps were engraved by Czeslaw Slania and issued 1994. 1973 PATRICK WHITE پاتریک وایت (1912-1990, Australian) استرالیایی for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature. The stamp to the left is the official Nobel stamp, issued by Sweden 1985, and shows an illustration to one of his novels. 1972 HEINRICH BÖLL هاینریش بل (1917-1985, German)آلمانی for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature. 1971 PABLO NERUDA پابلو نرودا (1904-1973, Chilean) شیلی for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent"s destiny and dreams. 1970 ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN الکساندر ایسائه ویچ سولز نیتسین (*1918, Russian) روسی for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature. 1969 SAMUEL BECKETT ساموئل بکت (1906-1989, Irish) ایرلندی for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation. The stamp to the left was issued 1994 by his native Eire. 1968 YASUNARI KAWABATA یاسوناری کاواباتا (1899-1972, Japanese) ژاپنی for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind. The stamp to the right is the official Nobel stamp issued by Sweden 1985, and shows an illustration to one of his novels. 1967 MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS میگل آنخل آستوریاس (1899-1974, Guatamala) گوآتمالایی for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America. The stamp to the left is the official Nobel stamp issued by Sweden 1985, and shows an illustration to one of his novels. 1966 The prize was divided equally between: SHMUEL YOSEF AGNON شموئل جوزف اِنون (1888-1970, Israeli) اسرائیلی for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people, and NELLY SACHS نِـلی سَچز (1891-1970, Swedish) سوئدی for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel"s destiny with touching strength. 1965 MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV میخائیل الکساندرویچ شولوخوف (1905-1984, Russian) روسی for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people. 1964 JEAN-PAUL SARTRE ژان پل سارتر (1905-1980, French) فرانسوی for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a farreaching influence on our age. (Declined the prize.) 1963 GIORGOS SEFERIS گیورگیوس سِفِریس (1900-1971, Greek), مصری (pen-name of GIORGOS SEFERIADIS), for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture. 1962 JOHN STEINBECK جان اشتین بک (1902-1968, American) آمریکایی for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception. 1961 IVO ANDRIC آیوو آندریک (1882-1975, Yugoslavian)یوگسلاوی for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country. 1960 SAINT-JOHN PERSE سنت جان پرس (1887-1975, French) فرانسوی (pen-name of ALEXIS LÉGER), for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time. 1959 SALVATORE QUASIMODO سالواتوره کازیمودو (1901-1968, Italian) ایتالیایی for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times. 1958 BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK بوریس لئونیدوویچ پاسترناک (1890-1960, Russian)روسی for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition. (Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country to decline the prize). His best known novel was "Dr. Zhivago"). 1957 ALBERT CAMUS آلبر کامو (1913-1960, French) فرانسوی for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times. 1956 JUAN RAMÓN JIMÉNEZ خوآن رامون ژیمنز (1881-1958, Spanish)اسپانیایی for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity. 1955 HALLDÓR KILJAN LAXNESS هالدورکیلیان لاکس نس (1902-1998, Iceland) ایسلندی for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland. The stamp to the right is the official Nobel stamp for Laxness and was issued by Sweden 1985. It shows an illustration to one his literary works. 1954 ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY ارنست همینگوی (1899-1961, American) آمریکایی for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style. 1953 SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL سروینستون لئونارد اسپنسر چرچیل (1874-1965, British) انگلیسی for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values. 1952 FRANÇOIS MAURIAC فرانسوا موریاک (1885-1970, French) فرانسوی for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life. 1951 PÄR FABIAN LAGERKVIST پار فابین لاگرکویست (1891-1974, Swedish) سوئدی for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind. 1950 EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL ارل برتراند آرتور ویلیام راسل (1872-1970, British) انگلیسی in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought. 1949 WILLIAM FAULKNER ویلیام فالکنر (1897-1962, American) آمریکایی for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel. The stamp to the right is the official Nobel stamp for Faulkner, issued by Sweden in 1985. It shows an illustration to one of William Faulkner"s literary works. 1948 THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT توماس استرنز الیوت (1888-1965, British) انگلیسی for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. 1947 ANDRÉ PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE آندره پل گیوم ژید (1869-1951, French) فرانسوی for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight. 1946 HERMANN HESSE هرمان هسه (1879-1962, German) آلمانی for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humaitarian ideals and high qualities of style. Stamp issued by Germany 1978. 1945 GABRIELA MISTRAL گابریلا میسترال (1889-1957, Chilean) شیلیایی (pen-name of LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA), for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world. 1944 JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN یوهانس ویلهلم جنسن (1873-1950, Danish) دانمارکی for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style. for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style. 1943-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1939 FRANS EEMIL SILLANPÄÄ فرانس ایمیل سیلانپا (1888-1964, Finnish) فنلاندی for his deep understanding of his country"s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature. 1938 PEARL BUCK پرل باک (1892-1973, American) آمریکایی (pen-name of PEARL WALSH née SYDENSTRICKER ), for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces. 1937 ROGER MARTIN DU GARD راجر مارتین دو گارد (1881-1958, French)فرانسوی for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novelcycle Les Thibault. 1936 EUGENE GLADSTONE O"NEILL یوجین گلادستون اونیل (1888-1953, American)آمریکایی for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy. 1935 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1934 LUIGI PIRANDELLO لوئیجی پیراندللو (1867-1936, Italian)ایتالیایی for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art. 1933 IVAN ALEKSEYEVICH BUNIN ایوان آلکسیه ویچ بونین (1870-1953, stateless domiciled in France)فرانسوی for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing. 1932 JOHN GALSWORTHY جان گالز ورثی (1867-1933, British)انگلیسی for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsythe Saga. 1931 ERIK AXEL KARLFELDT اریک آکسل کارلفلد (1864-1931, Swedish) سوئدی Erik Axel Karlfeldt"s name is mainly associated with Fridolin, his alter ego, e.g. in the book of verse "Fridolin´s Pleasure garden". Karlfeldt was elected to the Swedish Academy in 1904 and became its Permanent Secretary in 1912. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature posthumously in 1931. The stamp was engraved by Czeslaw Slania and issued 1994. 1930 SINCLAIR LEWIS سینکلر لویس (1885-1951, American)آمریکایی for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters. 1929 THOMAS MANN توماس مان (1875-1955, German)آلمانی principially for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature. Stamp issued by Germany 1978. 1928 SIGRID UNDSET سیگرید آندرسِت (1882-1949, Norwegian) نروژی principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages. The portrait of the author Sigrid Undset painted in 1911 by her husband Anders Castus Svarstad. Sigrid Undset early stood up against the Nazism and had to live in USA during the German occupation of Norway. 1927 HENRI BERGSON هنری برگسون (1859-1941, French)فرانسوی in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presented. 1926 GRAZIA DELEDDA گرازیا دِلـِدا (1871-1936, Italian) ایتالیایی (pen-name of GRAZIA MADESANI née DELEDDA) for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general. 1925 GEORGE BERNARD SHAW جورج برنارد شاو (1856-1950, British) انگلیسی for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty. The stamp to the left was issued 1994 by his native Eire. 1924 WLADYSLAW STANISLAW REYMONT ولادیسلاو استانیسلاو ریمونت (1867-1925, Polish)لهستانی (pen-name of REYMENT) for his great national epic, The Peasants. 1923 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS ویلیام باتلر ییتس (1865-1939, Irish) ایرلندی for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation. The stamp to the left was issued 1994 by his native Eire. 1922 JACINTO BENAVENTE جاسینتو بناونت ((1866-1954, Spanish) اسپانیایی for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama. 1921 ANATOLE FRANCE آناتول فرانس (1844-1924, French)فرانسوی (pen-name of JACQUES ANATOLE THIBAULT), in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament. 1920 KNUT PEDERSEN HAMSUN کنات پدرسون هامسون (1859-1952, Norwegian) نروژی was awarded the 1920 Nobel Prize in Literature for a specific book: his monumental workGrowth of the Soil, published in 1917. Hamsun was then at the peak of his literary career. In his powerful novel about the successful struggle of a Norwegian pioneer tilling his soil, earthiness and primitive life were glorified. Stamp issued 1980. 1919 CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG SPITTELER کارل فریدریش گئورگ اسپیتلر (1845-1924, German) آلمانی showed contrasting aspects even in his early writings: misanthropy and defiance as against visionary, humoristic imagination. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize in Literature for his monumental work "Olympischer Frühling" issued in two volumes 1900 - 1904 and revised in 1910. The work comprises 600 pages of verse about the gods and heroes of the Olympus, their agonies and their exploits. Stamp issued 1979. 1918 The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. مبلغ جایزه ی سال 1918 به «بودجه ی ویژ» این بخش جایزه اختصاص یافت. 1917 The prize was divided equally between: KARL ADOLPH GJELLERUP کارل آدولف گِلـِه روپ (1857-1919, Danish) دانمارکی first studied theology and even took a degree, but he was later to maintain a negative attitude towards Christianity. His first published short story was "An Idealist" (1878). Then followed ardently radical poetry, e.g. "Haw-thorn" and also "Spirits and Times." In later life Gjellerup became fascinated by Buddhism, its teachings of Wisdom and achievements of Nirvana. HENRIK PONTOPPIDAN هنریک پونتوپیدان (1857-1943, Danish), دانمارکی began by studying engineering but never took a degree. Pontoppidan is Denmark´s great epic writer. He has no equal in Scandinavia as a describer of people and contemporary spiritual history. His main works are the triology "The promised land" and "Happy Peter." Gjellerup and Pontoppidan won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Literature. The stamp was issued 1977. 1916 CARL GUSTAF VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM کارل گوستاو ورنر فن هایدنستام in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature. The Swedish poet VERNER von HEIDENSTAM was the only Nobel Prize winner in 1916 (Literature). The stamp shows his characteristic, birdlike profile against a background of the glittering waters of Lake Vättern, which inspired much of Heidenstam"s poetry. The stamp was issued 1976. 1915 ROMAIN ROLLAND رومن رولان (1866-1944, French) فرانسوی studied literature, music and philosophy. His lectures on the history of music at Sorbonne attracted great attention. His major work was "Jean-Christophe", a novel series in ten volumes, which he wrote from 1904 to 1912 and it was "Jean-Christophe" that won him the 1915 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings." The stamp was issued 1975. 1914 The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. مبلغ جایزه سال 1914 به «بودجه ی ویژه» این بخش جایزه اختصاص یافت. 1913 RABINDRANATH TAGORE رابیند رانات تاگور (1861-1941, Indian)هندی because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West. The stamp was issued 1973. 1912 GERHART JOHANN ROBERT HAUPTMANN گرهارد یوهان رابرت هاپتمن (1862-1946, German) آلمانی primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art. The German stamp (left) was issued 1978, and the Swedish stamp (right) was issued 1972. 1911 COUNT MAURICE (MOORIS) POLIDORE MARIE BERNHARD MAETERLINCK کنت موریس پولیدور ماری برنارد مترلینک (1862-1949, Belgian), بلژیکی in appreciation of his manysided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers" own feelings and stimulate their imaginations. The stamp was issued 1971. 1910 PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG HEYSE پل یوهان لودویگ هـِیسه (1830-1914, German) آلمانی as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories. The stamp was issued 1970. 1909 SELMA OTTILIA LOVISA LAGERLÖF سِلما اوتیلیا لویزا لاگرلوف (1858-1940, Swedish) سوئدی in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1969. 1908 RUDOLF CHRISTOPH EUCKEN رودولف کریستف اِکِن (1846-1926, German)آلمانی in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life. Mr. Eucken to the right. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1968. 1907 RUDYARD KIPLING رودیارد کیپلینگ (1865-1936, British) انگلیسی in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author. Mr. Kipling to the right. The stamp issued by Sweden 1967. 1906 GIOSUÈ CARDUCCI جایسو کارداچی (1835-1907, Italian) ایتالیایی not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces. Mr. Carducci to the right. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1966. 1905 HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ هنریک سینکیه ویچ (1846-1916, Polish) لهستانی because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer. Mr. Sienkiewicz is the person to the right. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1965. 1904 The prize was divided equally between: JOSÉ ECHEGARAY Y EIZAGUIRRE جوزه اکه گری ایزاگویر (1832-1916, Spanish) اسپانیایی in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama. The person to the left. FRÉDÉRIC MISTRAL فردریک میسترال (1830-1914, French)فرانسوی in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist. The person in the middle. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1964. 1903 BJØRNSTJERNE MARTINUS BJØRNSON بیورنسترن مارتینوس بیورنسون (1832 - 1910, Norwegian)نروژی as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit. Mr. Bjørnson is the person in the front. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1963. 1902 CHRISTIAN MATTHIAS THEODOR MOMMSEN کریستین ماتیاس تئودور مومسن (1817-1903, German) آلمانی the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome. Mr. Mommsen to the left. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1962. 1901 SULLY PRUDHOMME سالی پرودوم (pen-name of RENÉ FRANÇOIS ARMAND ), (1839-1907, French), فرانسوی in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect. "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." Mr. Prudhomme is the second person from the left. The stamp was issued by Sweden 1961.