Glossary of Philosophical Terms [Electronic resources] نسخه متنی

اینجــــا یک کتابخانه دیجیتالی است

با بیش از 100000 منبع الکترونیکی رایگان به زبان فارسی ، عربی و انگلیسی

Glossary of Philosophical Terms [Electronic resources] - نسخه متنی

| نمايش فراداده ، افزودن یک نقد و بررسی
افزودن به کتابخانه شخصی
ارسال به دوستان
جستجو در متن کتاب
بیشتر
تنظیمات قلم

فونت

اندازه قلم

+ - پیش فرض

حالت نمایش

روز نیمروز شب
جستجو در لغت نامه
بیشتر
توضیحات
افزودن یادداشت جدید


This is a
glossary of philosophical terms as they are generally used in the commonsense
philosophical realism of Aristotle, Aquinas, and those in this tradition.

NOTE: In the case of qualified words, always look for the word
or noun qualified. For example, in seeking for "Absolute Accident,"
look for "Accident, Absolute," etc.

A

Absolute. The unconditioned, the
ultimate ground of all reality.

Absolute Statement, Fallacy
of. A fallacy
in which one argues from a statement which is generally true (absolute
statement) to a specific case.

Absolute Supposition. The use of a term to
designate merely the nature as such, without any reference to the individuals
who are the bearers of this nature.

Absolutism, Epistemological. See Idealism,
Absolute.

Abstract Idea. An idea which expresses a
nature or determining attribute considered (by the mind) as separated from
the subject in which it inheres.

Abstraction. A process in which the mind
fixes its attention upon one or the other characteristic of a thing or upon
one element common to many things, excluding others which are joined to it in
the real order.

Abstractive
Idea. An idea
which is formed of objects by some means other than their immediate
perception. Synonym: Mediate.

Accent,
Fallacy of. A
fallacy which arises from a false accent or false emphasis in speech. Synonym:
Fallacy of Prosody.

Accident. A being whose nature it is to
exist in another as in a subject.

Accident, Absolute. An accident which confers a
real perfection upon its subject.

Accident, Extrinsic. An accident which does not
affect the being of its subject, but modifies the subject's immediate
surroundings.

Accident, Fallacy of. The fallacy which confuses
the accidental and essential characteristics of a thing, so that what is
affirmed of something as adventitious to a thing is also applied to the
subject itself.

Accident, Intrinsic. An accident which affects the
being of its subject in some manner.

Accident, Modal. The definite disposition or
determination of an indifferent and determinable accidental entity in such a
manner that it does not confer any positive and new entity upon the
substance.

Accident, Relative. An accident that has its
being in a subject only because of the bearing which one thing has to
another.

Accident, Strictly Absolute. An accident which confers
upon its subject some positive and new entity.

Accidental Definition. An explanation of a thing
based on characteristics which are neither essential nor necessarily
connected with the essence.

Acosmism. The doctrine which denies or
doubts the validity of our experiential knowledge concerning the existence
and reality of a material world; immaterialism.

Act. Any entity of whatever kind
and nature which perfects and determines a thing in its being.

Act,
Mixed. An act
that in some form or other has an admixture of potentiality.

Act, Non-Pure. See Act,
Mixed.

Act, Primary. An act that is the first in a
series of acts.

Act, Pure. An act that is without the
least admixture of potentiality.

Act, Secondary. An act that presupposes
another act in a definite series, so that it proceeds from a primary act.

Action. The exercise or operation of
an operative potency. The production of an effect.

Activity,
Immanent. The
activity through which a living being perfects itself and makes itself the
goal for the acquired actuality or perfection.

Activity, Transient (Transeunt,
Transitive). The activity which tends to change another object.

Activity, Vital. See Activity,
Immanent.

Adversative. A proposition which consists
of two propositions united in opposition to each other by conjunctions like
"but," "although," "yet." Synonym: Discretive.

Affection. A relatively transient
quality which produces, or results from, some accidental sensible alteration.

Agnosticism. The doctrine which denies the
constitutional ability of the mind to know reality and concludes with the
recognition of an intrinsically Unknowable.

Alteration. The change of a being from
one qualitative state to another.

Amphiboly, Fallacy of. The ambiguous use of a phrase
or of a complete sentence.

Analogous Term. A term which applies to
unlike, but related, things.

Analogy. That reasoning process
whereby the mind concludes from the known characteristics of one thing or
group of things to the unknown characteristics of another thing or group of
things because of a recognized resemblance existing between them.

Analysis. The scientific method which
passes from the concrete to the abstract, from the complex to the simple,
from the particular to the universal, from the application of a principle to
the principle itself, from the phenomena to the underlying general law, from
the effects to the cause. Synonym: A posteriori method.

Analytic
Proposition.
A proposition in which either the predicate is contained in the comprehension
of the subject, or the subject is contained in the comprehension of the
predicate. Synonyms: Necessary, essential, a priori.

Annihilation. The reduction of an existing
being to nonexistence.

A Posteriori. Argument drawn from effects,
consequents, or fact.

Appetency. The tendency of one thing
toward another.

Appetency, Concupiscible. The propensity to enjoy a
good.

Appetency, Irascible. The propensity to fight an
evil.

Appetency, Rational. The will.

Appetency, Sensuous. The power in virtue of which
a sentient being tends toward a consciously apprehended sensuous good and
away from a consciously apprehended sensuous evil.

A Priori. Argument drawn from
definitions formed or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causes
previously known.

Argumentation. The verbal expression of a
mediate inference.

Aristotelianism. The system of thought which
in general follows the principles and teachings of Aristotle. Peripateticism.

Associationism. In the problem of necessary
judgments, the doctrine which holds that the necessity of first principles is
due to the law of associations as a form of mental compulsion.

Attention. The direction of the
cognitive process toward an object, an activity, or a thought.

Attributes, Transcendental. The supreme modes necessarily
connected with every being, which are different phases of the same
fundamental being, but are not explicitly contained in its concept as such.

Augmentation. The change of a being from
one quantitative state to another.

Axiological Ethics. Any ethics which makes the
theory of obligation entirely dependent on the theory of value, by making the
determination of the rightness of an action wholly dependent on a
consideration of the value or goodness of something, e.g. the action itself,
its motive, or its consequences, actual or probable. Opposed to deontological
ethics.



B



Beauty. The attribute of a thing in
virtue of which the thing pleases when perceived. A blending of the unity,
truth, and goodness in a thing, characterized by completeness, proportion,
and clarity of presentation in an intellectual-sensuous form, so as to
produce a disinterested emotional pleasure in a rational perceiver.

Begging
the Question.
A fallacy in which the very conclusion (question) to be proved is, in some
form or other, assumed to be true; or, one in which the conclusion is proved
by a principle whose truth depends on the truth of the conclusion itself. Synonym:
Petitio principii.

Behaviorism. The doctrine that psychology
should restrict itself exclusively to observations and concepts relating to
behavior.

Being. That which exists or can
exist, the existible; whatever is not nothing.

Being, Absolute. A being which can be thought
of or can exist without reference to another.

Being, Accidental. See Accident.

Being, Actual. Anything that really exists
at the present moment in the physical or spiritual world.

Being, Contingent. A being whose nonexistence is
possible.

Being, Contraction of. See Contraction
of Being.

Being, Finite. A being whose reality is
limited in perfection.

Being, Infinite. A being which has no limit in
its entity or perfection.

Being, Logical. Anything that has objective
being only in the mind.

Being, Necessary. A being whose nonexistence is
impossible.

Being, Possible. Anything that does not
actually exist, but is capable of existence.

Being, Real. Anything that has, or can
have, existence independent of man's actual knowledge.

Being, Relative. A being which can be thought
of or can exist only in reference to another.

Being, Substantial. See Substance.



C



Capacity,
Natural.
The proximate accidental principle of operation, toward which
(operation) it is specifically directed.

Categorical
Proposition.
A proposition that makes a direct assertion of agreement or
disagreement between subject and predicate.

Categorical
Syllogism.
A syllogism whose premises are categorical propositions.

Category. An ultimate
and supreme mode of real being; a predicament.

Causal
Definition.
The explanation of a thing by means of its efficient or final
causes.

Causal
Proposition.
A proposition that combines two statements in such a way that
the one is given as the reason or cause of the other.

Causality, Principle of. The principle
which states that whatever passes from a state of nonexistence into a state of
existence must have an efficient cause for its existence.

Cause. That which in
any way whatever exerts a positive influence in the production of a thing.

Efficient.
That by which something is produced.

Equivocal.
A cause which produces an effect dissimilar to itself in
nature.

Cause, Final. That for the sake of which an efficient
cause acts.

Cause, First. A cause whose
causality is absolutely independent of any other cause or being, and on which
all other causality depends.

Formal. That through which a thing is made to be what it is. Form.

Free. A cause which is not compelled to act, even though all the
requisite conditions for action are present.

Instrumental. An efficient
cause which produces an effect in virtue of the power of another cause.

Cause, Material. That out of which something becomes or is
made. Matter.

Moral. A cause which inclines a free agent to act.

/ 12